Engine: Perl

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Perl

Features

The following features are supported:

✔ Flags
✔ Anchors
✔ Buffer Boundaries
✔ Word Boundaries
✔ Continuation Escape
✔ Alternatives
✔ Wildcard
✔ Character Classes
✔ Posix Character Classes
✔ Negated Posix Character Classes
✔ Character Class Escapes
✔ Line Endings Escape
✔ Character Property Escapes
✔ Character Class Nested Set
✔ Character Class Intersection
✔ Character Class Union
✔ Character Class Subtraction
✔ Character Class Symmetric Difference
✔ Character Class Complement
✔ Quoted Characters
✔ Quantifiers
✔ Lazy Quantifiers
✔ Possessive Quantifiers
✔ Capturing Groups
✔ Named Capturing Groups
✔ Non-Capturing Groups
✔ Backreferences
✔ Comments
✔ Line Comments
✔ Modifiers
✔ Branch Reset
✔ Lookahead
✔ Lookbehind
✔ Non-Backtracking Expressions
✔ Recursion
✔ Conditional Expressions
✔ Subroutines
✔ Callouts
✔ Backtracking Control Verbs

The following features are not supported:

❌ Text Segment Boundaries
❌ Collating Elements
❌ Equivalence Classes

Feature: Flags

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Flags control certain aspects of the matching behavior of a pattern.

Syntax

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The following flags are supported:

i — Ignore Case. Matches character classes using a case-insensitive comparison.
m — Multiline. Causes the anchors ^ and $ to match the start and end of each line (respectively), rather than the start and end of the input.
s — Singleline. Causes the wildcard . to match newline characters.
x, xx — Extended Mode. Ignores whitespace in a pattern. Spaces must instead be represented by \s or \ (an escaped space).
a, aa, d, l, u — Character Set Modifiers. Affect which character-set rules are used.
n — Explicit Capture. Prevents non-named capture groups from capturing.
c — Keep the current position during repeated matching.
g — Global. Globally match the pattern repeatedly in the string.

Feature: Anchors

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Anchors match the start or end of a line.

Syntax

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^ — Matches the start of a line when the m (multiline) flag is set. Otherwise, matches the start of the input.
$ — Matches the end of a line when the m (multiline) flag is set. Otherwise, matches the end of the input.

Feature: Buffer Boundaries

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A Buffer Boundary is an Atom that matches the start or the end of the input. This differs slightly from ^ and $ which can be affected by RegExp flags like m.

Syntax

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\A — Matches the start of the input.
\z — Matches the end of the input.
\Z — A zero-width assertion consisting of an optional newline at the end of the buffer. Equivalent to (?=\n?\z).

Feature: Word Boundaries

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A Word Boundary is an Atom that matches the start or the end of a word.

Syntax

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\b — Matches the start or the end of a word.
\B — Matches when not at the start or the end of a word.
\b{name} — Matches the start or the end of a unicode boundary specified by name.
\B{name} — Matches when not at the start or the end of a unicode boundary specified by name.

Feature: Text Segment Boundaries

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❌ This feature is not supported.

Feature: Continuation Escape

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A Continuation Escape is a zero-width assertion that matches either the start of the input or the start of the last match.

Syntax

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\G — Matches either the start of the input or the start of the last match.

Feature: Alternatives

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An Alternative represents two or more branches in a pattern. If first branch of a pattern fails to match, each alternative is attempted from left to right until a match is found.

Syntax

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…|… — Matches the pattern to the left of the |. If that fails, matches the pattern to the right of |.

Feature: Wildcard

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A Wildcard matches a single, non-newline character.

Syntax

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. — Matches any character except newline characters. If the s (single-line) flag is set then this matches any character.

Feature: Character Classes

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A Character Class is an Atom that specifies a set of characters to match a single character in the set.

Syntax

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[…] — Where … is one or more single characters or character class escapes, excluding ^ at the start and - between two entries in the set. Matches a character in the set. Example: [abc] matches a, b, or c.
[^…] — Where … is one or more single characters or character class escapes, excluding - between two entries in the set. Matches any character not in the set. Example: [^abc] matches d, e, or f, etc., but not a, b, or c.
[a-z] — Where a and z are single characters or character escapes. Matches any character in the range between a and z (inclusive). Example: [a-c] matches a, b, or c, but not d.
(?[…]) — Extended Bracketed Character Class, permit the following features:

Extended Bracketed Character Class

Inside of (?[…]), only meta characters are permitted and whitespace is ignored. Individual characters (like a, 1, etc.) must be enclosed in a Character Class Nested Set.

In addition, expressions within the bracketed character class may be grouped using ( and ).

Feature: Posix Character Classes

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A Posix Character Class is a member of a Character Class set that specifies a named, pre-defined set of characters.

Syntax

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[[:name:]] — Where name is in a set of predefined names. Matches any character in the set.
(?[[:name:]]) — Where name is in a set of predefined names. Matches any character in the set.

Feature: Negated Posix Character Classes

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A Negated Posix Character Class is a member of a Character Class set that specifies a named, pre-defined set of excluded characters.

Syntax

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[[:^name:]] — Where name is in a set of predefined names. Matches any character not in the set.
(?[[:^name:]]) — Where name is in a set of predefined names. Matches any character not in the set.

Feature: Collating Elements

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❌ This feature is not supported.

Feature: Equivalence Classes

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❌ This feature is not supported.

Feature: Character Class Escapes

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A Character Class Escape is a single character escape that represents an entire character class. They can be used as an element of a Character Class or as an Atom. It is often the case that a lower-case escape character is the inclusive set, while an upper-case variant of the same character excludes that set.

Syntax

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\d — Any decimal digit character. Equivalent to \p{Nd} unless in ASCII-only (a) mode, in which case \d is equivalent to [0-9].
\D — Any non-decimal digit character. Equivalent to \P{Nd} unless in ASCII-only (a) mode, in which case \D is equivalent to [^0-9].
\w — Any “word” character. Equivalent to \p{Word} unless in ASCII-only (a) mode, in which case \w is equivalent to [a-zA-Z0-9_].
\W — Any non-“word” character. Equivalent to \P{Word} unless in ASCII-only (a) mode, in which case \w is equivalent to [a-zA-Z0-9_].
\s — Any whitespace character. Equivalent to \p{SpacePerl} (which includes \p{Z}, among others) unless in ASCII-only (a) mode, in which case \s is equivalent to [ \f\n\r\t\x0b].
\S — Any non-whitespace character. Equivalent to \P{SpacePerl} (which includes \p{Z}, among others) unless in ASCII-only (a) mode, in which case \s is equivalent to [^ \f\n\r\t\x0b].

Feature: Line Endings Escape

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A Line Endings Escape is an Atom that matches any line ending character sequence.

Syntax

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\R — Equivalent to (?>\r\n?|[\x0A-\x0C\x85\u{2028}\u{2029}])

Feature: Character Property Escapes

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A Character Property Escape is an escape sequence used to match a character with a specific character property.

Syntax

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\pX — Where X is a single character. Matches a character that has the property X.
\p{name} — Where name is a predefined property name. Matches a character that has the property name.
\PX — Where X is a single character. Matches a character that does not have the property X.
\P{name} — Where name is a predefined property name. Matches a character that does not have the property name.

Feature: Character Class Nested Set

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A Character Class Nested Set allows you to to define a nested character class inside of a character class.

Syntax

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(?[ […] ]) — Where … includes any contents allowed in a normal character class.

Example

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(?[[a-z]&[^d-q]])

Is equivalent to:

[a-cr-z]

Feature: Character Class Intersection

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Character Class Intersection allows you to indicate that only characters that are in both character classes should match.

Syntax

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(?[ a & b ]) — Where a and b are metacharacters or other Class Atoms.

Feature: Character Class Union

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Character Class Union allows you include multiple classes of characters within a character class.

Syntax

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(?[ a + b ]) — Where a and b are metacharacters or other Class Atoms.
(?[ a | b ]) — Where a and b are metacharacters or other Class Atoms.

Feature: Character Class Subtraction

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Character Class Subtraction allows you to exclude a class of characters from another class of characters in a character class.

Syntax

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(?[ a - b ]) — Where a and b are metacharacters or other Class Atoms.

Feature: Character Class Symmetric Difference

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Character Class Symmetric Difference allows you include characters that match either, but not both, of two character classes.

Syntax

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(?[ a ^ b ]) — Where a and b are metacharacters or other Class Atoms.

Feature: Character Class Complement

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Character Class Complement allows you to negate a character class inside of another character class.

Syntax

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(?[ !a ]) — Where a is a metacharacter or other Class Atom.

Feature: Quoted Characters

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Quoted Characters are a sequence of characters treated as literal characters rather than RegExp characters.

Syntax

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\Q…\E — All characters following \Q and preceding the next \E are treated as literal characters. Example: \Q.+\E matches .+ but not aa.
\Q… — If there is no trailing \E, all characters until the end of the pattern are treated as literal characters.

Feature: Quantifiers

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Quantifiers specify repetition of an Atom. By default, quantifiers are “greedy” in that they attempt to match as many instances of the preceding Atom as possible to satisfy the pattern before backtracking.

Syntax

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* — Matches the preceding Atom zero or more times. Example: a*b matches b, ab, aab, aaab, etc.
+ — Matches the preceding Atom one or more times. Example: a+b matches ab, aab, aaab, etc., but not b.
? — Matches the preceding Atom zero or one times. Example: a?b matches b, ab.
{n} — Where n is an integer. Matches the preceding Atom exactly n times. Example: a{2} matches aa but not a or aaa.
{n,} — Where n is an integer. Matches the preceding Atom at-least n times. Example: a{2,} matches aa, aaa, aaaa, etc., but not a.
{,n} — Where n is an integer. Matches the preceding Atom at-most n times. Example: a{,2} matches ``, a, aa, but not aaa, aaaa, etc.
{n,m} — Where n and m are integers, and m >= n. Matches the preceding Atom at-least n times and at-most m times. Example: a{2,3} matches aa, aaa, aaaa, etc., but not a or aaaa.

Feature: Lazy Quantifiers

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Lazy Quantifiers specify repetition of an Atom, but attempt to match as few instances of the preceding Atom as possible to satisfy the pattern before advancing.

Syntax

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*? — Matches the preceding Atom zero or more times.
+? — Matches the preceding Atom one or more times.
?? — Matches the preceding Atom zero or one times.
{n}? — Where n is an integer. Matches the preceding Atom exactly n times.
{n,}? — Where n is an integer. Matches the preceding Atom at-least n times.
{,n}? — Where n is an integer. Matches the preceding Atom at-most n times.
{n,m}? — Where n and m are integers, and m >= n. Matches the preceding Atom at-least n times and at-most m times.

Feature: Possessive Quantifiers

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Possessive Quantifiers are like greedy (i.e., regular) quantifiers, except that backtracking is not performed.

Syntax

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*+ — Match zero or more characters without backtracking.
++ — Match one or more characters without backtracking.
?+ — Match zero or one characters without backtracking.
{n}+ — Where n is an integer. Matches the preceding Atom exactly n times without backtracking (redundant).
{n,}+ — Where n is an integer. Matches the preceding Atom at-least n times without backtracking.
{,n}? — Where n is an integer. Matches the preceding Atom at-most n times without backtracking.
{n,m}+ — Where n and m are integers, and m >= n. Matches the preceding Atom at-least n times and at-most m times without backtracking.

Feature: Capturing Groups

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A Capturing Group is a subexpression that can be treated as an Atom and can be repeated using Quantifiers and referenced using Backreferences by index. A Capturing Group can be captured and returned by the matching algorithm.

Syntax

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(…) — Groups the subexpression as a single Atom. The result is captured and returned by the matching algorithm.

Feature: Named Capturing Groups

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A Named Capturing Group is a subexpression that can be captured and returned by the matching algorithm. A Named Capturing Group is also an Atom and can be repeated using Quantifiers and referenced using Backreferences by name.

Syntax

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(?<name>…) — Groups the subexpression as a single Atom associated with the provided name. The result is captured and returned by the matching algorithm.
(?'name'…) — Groups the subexpression as a single Atom associated with the provided name. The result is captured and returned by the matching algorithm.

Feature: Non-Capturing Groups

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A Non-capturing Group is a subexpression that can be treated as an Atom and can be repeated using Quantifiers but cannot be referenced using Backreferences. A Non-capturing Group is not captured by the matching algorithm.

Syntax

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(?:…) — Groups the subexpression as a single Atom.

Feature: Backreferences

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Backreferences allow a pattern to re-match a previously matched capture group^{1 2} either by number (n) or by name.

Syntax

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\n — Where n is a decimal digit in the range 1-9. Matches the same string as the capture group n.
\k<name> — Matches the same string as the named capture group with the name name.
\gn — Where n is an integer >= 1. Matches the same string as the capture group n.
\g-n — Where n is an integer >= 1. Matches the nth previous capture group.
\g{n} — Where n is an integer >= 1. Matches the same string as the capture group n.
\g{-n} — Where n is an integer >= 1. Matches the nth previous capture group.
\g{name} — Matches the named capture group with the name name.
\k{name} — Matches the named capture group with the name name.
\k<name> — Matches the named capture group with the name name.
\k'name' — Matches the named capture group with the name name.

Feature: Comments

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A Comment is a sequence of characters that is ignored by pattern matching and can be used to document a pattern.

Syntax

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(?#…) — The entire expression is removed from the pattern. A comment may not contain other ( or ) characters.

Feature: Line Comments

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A Line Comment is a sequence of characters starting with # and ending with \n (or the end of the pattern) that is ignored by pattern matching and can be used to document a pattern.

Syntax

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#…\n — The rest of the line starting from # is removed from the pattern. Only supported when the x (extended mode) RegExp flag is set.

Feature: Modifiers

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Modifiers allow you to change the currently active RegExp flags within a subexpression.

Syntax

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(?adlupimnsx-imnsx) - Sets or unsets (using -) the specified RegExp flags starting at the current position until the next closing ) or the end of the pattern. Example: (?-i)A(?i)B(?-i)C matches ABC, AbC.
(?adlupimnsx-imnsx:…) - Sets or unsets (using -) the specified RegExp flags for the subexpression. Example: (?-i:A(?i:B)C) matches ABC, AbC.
(?^alupimnsx) - The ^ is a shorthand for d-imnsx. Flags other than d may follow the caret to override, but - is not permitted.
(?^alupimnsx:…) - The ^ is a shorthand for d-imnsx. Flags other than d may follow the caret to override, but - is not permitted.

Feature: Branch Reset

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A Branch Reset resets the subexpression count at the start of each Alternative (|), which affects numbering for Backreferences and captured results returned from the matching algorithm.

Syntax

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(?|…) — Resets the subexpression count at the start of each Alternative.

Feature: Lookahead

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A Lookahead is a zero-width assertion that matches if the provided pattern would match the characters to the right of the current position.

Syntax

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(?=…) — Positive Lookahead. Matches if the provided pattern would match but does not advance the current position.
(*pla:…) — Positive Lookahead. Has the same behavior as (?=…).
(*positive_lookahead:…) — Positive Lookahead. Has the same behavior as (?=…).
(?!…) — Negative Lookahead. Matches if the provided pattern would not match, but does not advance the current position.
(*nla:…) — Negative Lookahead. Has the same behavior as (?!…).
(*negative_lookahead:…) — Negative Lookahead. Has the same behavior as (?!…).

Feature: Lookbehind

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A Lookbehind is a zero-width assertion that matches if the provided pattern would match the characters to the left of the current position.

Syntax

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(?<=…) — Positive Lookbehind. Matches if the provided pattern would match the preceding characters, but does not advance the current position. The pattern must have a fixed length (unbounded quantifiers are not permitted).
(*plb:…) — Positive Lookbehind. Has the same behavior as (?<=…).
(*positive_lookbehind:…) — Positive Lookbehind. Has the same behavior as (?<=…).
(?<!…) — Negative Lookbehind. Matches if the provided pattern would not match the preceding characters, but does not advance the current position. The pattern must have a fixed length (unbounded quantifiers are not permitted).
(*nlb:…) — Negative Lookbehind. Has the same behavior as (?<!…).
(*negative_lookbehind:…) — Negative Lookbehind. Has the same behavior as (?<!…).

Feature: Non-Backtracking Expressions

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A Non-Backtracking Expression is matched independent of neighboring patterns, and will not backtrack in the event of a failed match. This is often used to improve performance.

Syntax

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(?>…) — Matches the provided pattern, but no backtracking is performed if the match fails.
(*atomic:…) — Matches the provided pattern, but no backtracking is performed if the match fails.

Feature: Recursion

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A Recursive Expression provides a mechanism for re-evaluating a capture group inside of itself, to handle cases such as matching balanced parenthesis or brackets, etc.

Syntax

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(?R) — Reevaluates the entire pattern starting at the current position.
(?0) — Reevaluates the entire pattern starting at the current position.
(?n) — Where n is an integer >= 1. Re-evaluates the capture group whose offset is n.
(?-n) — Where n is an integer >= 1. Re-evaluates the capture group whose offset is the nth capture group declared to the left of the current Atom. Example: (?-1) would revaluate the last declared capture group.
(?+n) — Where n is an integer >= 1. Re-evaluates the capture group whose offset is the nth capture group declared to the right of the current Atom. Example: (?+1) would evaluate the next declared capture group.
(?&name) — Re-evaluates the named capture group with the provided name.
(?P>name) — Re-evaluates the named capture group with the provided name.

Feature: Conditional Expressions

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A Conditional Expression checks a condition and evaluates its first alternative if the condition is true; otherwise, it evaluates its second alternative.

Syntax

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(?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern) — Matches yes-pattern if condition is true; otherwise, matches no-pattern.
(?(condition)yes-pattern) — Matches yes-pattern if condition is true; otherwise, matches the empty string.

Conditions

The following conditions are supported:

(?(?=test-pattern)…) — Evaluates to true if a lookahead for test-pattern matches; Otherwise, evaluates to false.
(?(?!test-pattern)…) — Evaluates to true if a negative lookahead for test-pattern matches; Otherwise, evaluates to false.
(?(n)…) — Evaluates to true if the capture group at offset n was successfully matched; Otherwise, evaluates to false.
(?(<name>)…) — Evaluates to true if the named capture group with the name name was successfully matched; Otherwise, evaluates to false.
(?('name')…) — Evaluates to true if the named capture group with the name name was successfully matched; Otherwise, evaluates to false.
(?{code}…) — Evaluates embedded Perl code whose result is either true or false.
(?(R)…) — Evaluates to true if inside a recursive expression; Otherwise, evaluates to false.
(?(Rn)…) — Evaluates to true if inside a recursive expression for the capture group at offset n; Otherwise, evaluates to false.
(?(R&name)…) — Evaluates to true if inside a recursive expression for the named capture group with the name name; Otherwise, evaluates to false.
(?(DEFINE)…) — Always evaluates to false. This allows you to define Subroutines.

Feature: Subroutines

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A Subroutine is a pre-defined capture group or named capture group that can be reused in multiple places within the pattern to re-evaluate the subexpression from the group.

Syntax

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(?(DEFINE)…) — Defines a set of reusable capture groups that can be referenced elsewhere in the pattern.
(?n) — Where n is an integer >= 1. Evaluates the capture group whose offset is n.
(?-n) — Where n is an integer >= 1. Evaluates the capture group whose offset is the nth capture group declared to the left of the current Atom. Example: (?-1) would revaluate the last declared capture group.
(?+n) — Where n is an integer >= 1. Evaluates the capture group whose offset is the nth capture group declared to the right of the current Atom. Example: (?+1) would evaluate the next declared capture group.
(?&name) — Evaluates the named capture group with the provided name.

Example

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(?(DEFINE)
  (?<Year>\d{4}|[+-]\d{5,})
  (?<Month>0[1-9]|1[0-2])
  (?<Day>0[1-9]|2[0-9]|3[01])
)
(?<Date>(?&Year)-(?&Month)-(?&Day)|(?&Year)(?&Month)(?&Day))

Feature: Callouts

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A Callout is a user-defined function that can be evaluated while matching.

Syntax

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(?{code}) — - Zero-width assertion that executes embedded Perl code.
(??{code}) — - Zero-width assertion that executes embedded Perl code. The return value of the embedded code is interpreted as a pattern to be matched at this position.

Feature: Backtracking Control Verbs

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A Backtracking Control Verb is a special pattern usually in the form of (*VERB) or (*VERB:arg) that performs some special behavior with respect to backtracking.

Syntax

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(*PRUNE), (*PRUNE:name) — Prunes the backtracking tree.
(*SKIP), (*SKIP:name) — Prunes the backtracking tree and preceding text cannot be part of any match of the pattern.
(*MARK:name), (*:name) — Marks a point in the string where a certain part of the pattern has been matched.
(*THEN), (*THEN:name) — When backtracked into on failure causes the engine to attempt the next alternative in the innermost enclosing group with alternatives.
(*COMMIT), (*COMMIT:arg) — When backtracked into on failure causes the match to fail outright.
(*FAIL), (*F), (*FAIL:arg) — Matches nothing and always fails. Equivalent to (?!).
(*ACCEPT), (*ACCEPT:arg) — Causes the end of successful matching at the point where the verb was encountered.

Engine: Perl

Languages

Features

Feature: Flags

Syntax

See Also

Feature: Anchors

Syntax

See Also

Feature: Buffer Boundaries

Syntax

See Also

Feature: Word Boundaries

Syntax

See Also

Feature: Text Segment Boundaries

See Also

Feature: Continuation Escape

Syntax

See Also

Feature: Alternatives

Syntax

Feature: Wildcard

Syntax

Feature: Character Classes

Syntax

Extended Bracketed Character Class

See Also

Feature: Posix Character Classes

Syntax

See Also

Feature: Negated Posix Character Classes

Syntax

See Also

Feature: Collating Elements

See Also

Feature: Equivalence Classes

See Also

Feature: Character Class Escapes

Syntax

See Also

Feature: Line Endings Escape

Syntax

See Also

Feature: Character Property Escapes

Syntax

See Also

Feature: Character Class Nested Set

Syntax

Example

See Also

Feature: Character Class Intersection

Syntax

See Also

Feature: Character Class Union

Syntax

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Feature: Character Class Subtraction

Syntax

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Feature: Character Class Symmetric Difference

Syntax

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Feature: Character Class Complement

Syntax

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Feature: Quoted Characters

Syntax

Feature: Quantifiers

Syntax

See Also

Feature: Lazy Quantifiers

Syntax

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Feature: Possessive Quantifiers

Syntax

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Feature: Capturing Groups

Syntax

See Also